The co-occurrence of victimization, perpetration, and bystander responses in adolescent school bullying: a network analysis with model-based perturbation simulations
BackgroundSchool bullying threatens school safety and adolescent health. Research often treats victimization, perpetration, and bystander responses as distinct forms of involvement, leaving their within-person co-occurrence poorly understood.MethodsUsing data from 7,913 students, this study applied network analysis and Node Identification and Response Analysis (NIRA) to examine behavioral…
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